Prior to the experiments, about 200 g of PNS powders were dispersed and dissolved in deionized water under magnetic stirring for 10 min. Different amounts of deionized water were used to prepare feed solutions with concentrations of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 g/mL, respectively, according to. 2430 Airport Blvd. Suite 225; Pensacola, FL 32504 (850) 436-5000. The PNS is a vast network of spinal and cranial nerves that are linked to the brain and the spinal cord. It contains sensory receptors which help in processing changes in the internal and external environment. This information is sent to the CNS via afferent sensory nerves. The PNS is then subdivided into the autonomic nervous system and the. 1-16 of 336 results for 'pns' Skip to main search results Amazon Prime. Eligible for Free Shipping. Free Shipping by Amazon. 4.6 out of 5 stars 68,800. PlayStation 4 $60.00 $ 60. Best Seller in Video Games. $20 PlayStation Store Gift Card Digital Code.
Learning Outcomes
- Differentiate between the central and peripheral nervous systems
The nervous system has three main functions: sensory input, integration of data and motor output. Sensory input is when the body gathers information or data, by way of neurons, glia and synapses. The nervous system is composed of excitable nerve cells (neurons) and synapses that form between the neurons and connect them to centers throughout the body or to other neurons. These neurons operate on excitation or inhibition, and although nerve cells can vary in size and location, their communication with one another determines their function. These nerves conduct impulses from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. The data is then processed by way of integration of data, which occurs only in the brain. After the brain has processed the information, impulses are then conducted from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands, which is called motor output. Glia cells are found within tissues and are not excitable but help with myelination, ionic regulation and extracellular fluid.
Figure 1. The central and peripheral nervous systems
The nervous system is comprised of two major parts, or subdivisions, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the body’s “control center.” The CNS has various centers located within it that carry out the sensory, motor and integration of data. These centers can be subdivided to Lower Centers (including the spinal cord and brain stem) and Higher centers communicating with the brain via effectors.
The PNS is a vast network of spinal and cranial nerves that are linked to the brain and the spinal cord. It contains sensory receptors which help in processing changes in the internal and external environment. This information is sent to the CNS via afferent sensory nerves. The PNS is then subdivided into the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. The autonomic has involuntary control of internal organs, blood vessels, smooth and cardiac muscles. The somatic has voluntary control of skin, bones, joints, and skeletal muscle. The two systems function together, by way of nerves from the PNS entering and becoming part of the CNS, and vice versa.
We’ll further discuss the components and roles of these systems later in this module.
Contribute!
- About CDIAC
Information on CDIAC data, data policies, and more
- Data
- Resources
Key resources related to carbon cycle and climate change research
- About CDIAC
- Data
- Resources
Contents taken from Glossary: Carbon Dioxide and Climate, 1990. ORNL/CDIAC-39, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Third Edition. Edited by: Fred O'Hara Jr.
1 - International System of Units (SI) Prefixes
2 - Useful Quantities in CO2
3 - Common Conversion Factors
4 - Common Energy Unit Conversion Factors
5 - Geologic Time Scales
6 - Factors and Units for Calculating Annual CO2 Emissions Using Global Fuel Production Data
Table 1. International System of Units (SI) Prefixes
| Prefix | SI Symbol | Multiplication Factor |
|---|---|---|
| exa | E | 1018 |
| peta | P | 1015 |
| tera | T | 1012 |
| giga | G | 109 |
| mega | M | 106 |
| kilo | k | 103 |
| hecto | h | 102 |
| deka | da | 10 |
| deci | d | 10-1 |
| centi | c | 10-2 |
| milli | m | 10-3 |
| micro | μ | 10-6 |
| nano | n | 10-9 |
| pico | p | 10-12 |
| femto | f | 10-15 |
| atto | a | 10-18 |
Pns 49
Table 2. Useful Quantities in CO2 Research
Modified from Clark, W. C. (ed.). 1982. Carbon Dioxide Review: 1982, p. 469, Oxford University Press, New York.
| Quantity | Symbol1 | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Solar constant | S | 1.367 kW/m2 |
| Earth mass | M | 5.976 × 1024 kg |
| Equatorial radius | a | 6.378 × 106 m |
| Polar radius | c | 6.357 × 106 m |
| Mean radius | R | 6.371 × 106 m |
| Surface area | Ae | 5.101 × 1014 m2 |
| Land area | Al | 1.481 × 1014 m2 |
| Ocean area | As | 3.620 × 1014 m2 |
| Ice sheets and glaciers area | Is | 0.14 × 1014 m2 |
| Mean land elevation | hl | 840 m |
| Mean ocean depth | hs | 3730 m |
| Mean ocean volume | Vs | 1.350 × 1018 m3 |
| Ocean mass | Ms | 1.384 × 1021 kg |
| Mass of atmosphere | Ma | 5.137 × 1018 kg |
| Equatorial surface gravity | ge | 9.78 m/s2 |
| Polar surface gravity | gp | 9.83 m/s2 |
| Average surface | g | 9.805 m/s2 |
1Symbols generally follow reference standards used in Bolin, B. (ed.). 1981. Carbon Cycle Modelling, SCOPE 16, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Table 3. Common Conversion Factors
Modifed from Clark, W. C. (ed.). 1982. Carbon Dioxide Review: 1982, p. 467, Oxford University Press, New York.
|
|
|
Table 4. Common Energy Unit Conversion Factors
| J | Quad | kcal | mtce | boe | mtoe | m3gas | TWyr | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 J = | 1 | 947.9 × 10-21 | 239 × 10-6 | 34.14 × 10-12 | 163.4 × 10-12 | 22.34 × 10-12 | 26.84 × 10-9 | 31.71 × 10-21 |
| 1 Quad = | 1055 × 1015 | 1 | 252 × 1012 | 36.02 × 106 | 172.4 × 106 | 23.57 × 106 | 28.32 × 109 | 33.45 × 10- 3 |
| 1 kcal = | 4184 | 3966 × 10-18 | 1 | 142.9 × 10-9 | 683.8 × 10-9 | 93.47 × 10-9 | 112.3 × 10-6 | 132.7 × 10-18 |
| 1 mtce = | 29.29 × 109 | 27.76 × 10-9 | 7 × 106 | 1 | 4.786 | 0.6543 | 786.1 | 928.7 × 10-12 |
| 1 boe = | 6119 × 106 | 5.8 × 10-9 | 1462 × 103 | 0.2089 | 1 | 0.1367 | 164.2 | 194 × 10-12 |
| 1 mtoe = | 44.76 × 109 | 42.43 × 10-9 | 10.7 × 106 | 1.528 | 7.315 | 1 | 1201 | 1419 × 10-12 |
| 1 m3gas = | 37.26 × 106 | 35.31 × 10-12 | 8905 | 1272 × 10-6 | 6089 × 10-6 | 832.3 × 10-6 | 1 | 1181 × 10-15 |
| 1 Twyr = | 31.54 × 1018 | 29.89 | 7537 × 1012 | 1076 × 106 | 5154 × 106 | 704.5 × 106 | 846.4 × 109 | 1 |
Notes: J = Joule; Quad = Quadrillion BTU (British thermal unit); kcal = kilogram calorie; mtce = metric ton of coal equivalent; boe = barrel of oil equivalent; mtoe = metric ton of oil equivalent; m3gas = cubic meter of natural gas; Twyr = terawatt-year
From: Clark, W. C. (ed.). 1982. Carbon Dioxide Review: 1982, p. 468, Oxford University Press, New York.
Table 5. Geologic Time Scales
| Era | Period | Epoch | Beginning (Millions Years Before Present) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cenozoic | Quarternary | Recent (Holocene) | 0.01 |
| Pleistocene | 2-3 | ||
| Tertiary | Pliocene | 5 | |
| Miocene | 25 | ||
| Oligocene | 37 | ||
| Eocene | 54 | ||
| Paleocene | 65 | ||
| Mesozoic | Cretaceous | 135 | |
| Jurassic | 190 | ||
| Triassic | 225 | ||
| Paleozoic | Permian | 280 | |
| Carboniferous | 345 | ||
| Devonian | 400 | ||
| Silurian | 440 | ||
| Ordovician | 500 | ||
| Cambrian | 570 | ||
| Precambrian | >570 |
Table 6. Factors and Units for Calculating Annual CO2 Emissions Using Global Fuel Production Data
Formula: CO2i = (Pi)(FOi)(Ci) with all masses in metric tons (103 kg).
Pns40010er 115
Pns 49:200
Source: Marland, G. and R. M. Rotty. 1983. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuels: A Procedure for Estimation and Results for 1950-1981, DOE/NBB-0036, TR003, U. S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.
Pns 49:2000
Contents taken from Glossary: Carbon Dioxide and Climates, 1990. ORNL/CDIAC-39, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Acronyms and abbreviations can be found in the Acronyms and Abbreviations list.
A carbon dioxide-related glossary can be found in the Glossary list.
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
| = | CO2 emissions in 106 tons C | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pl | = | Annual production in 106 tons (± approx. 8%) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| FOl | = | Effective fraction oxidized in year of production = 0.918 ± 3% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cl | = | Carbon content in tons C per ton crude oil = 0.85 ± 1% |